Jean-Jacques Rousseau seems to have recognized very finely the adverse effects the use of punishment may produce. He writes about the use of punishment in his Emile: when the educator wants to persuade his pupils to obedience, he will possibly use force and threats, or "worse still, flattery and promises". If the young people are thus manipulated, "you set them (pupils) against your tyranny, and dissuade them from loving you; you teach them to be dissemblers, deceitful, willfully untrue, for the sake of extorting rewards or of escaping punishments.Finally, by habiatuating them to cover a secret motive by an apparent motive, you give them the means of constantly misleading you, of concealing their true character from you, and of satisfying yourself and others with empty words when their occasion demands." - See The Portable Enlightenment Reader, Ed. by Isaac Kramnick, p. 230.